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r^wi- 
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CUBA 

Discovered 

Degraded 

Delivered 


1911 

THE  WOMAN  S  AMERICAN  BAPTIST 
HOME  MISSION  SOCIETY 

2969  Vernon  Avenue,  :  :  Chicago,  III. 


CUBA. 


MARY  G.  BURDETTE. 


THE  COUNTRY. 


October  28,  1492,  recorded  the  discovery  of  Cuba  by  Chris¬ 
topher  Columbus,  who  first  called  the  island  Juana,  in  honor 
of  Prince  John,  son  of  Eerdinand  and  Isabella ;  but  after  the 


death  of  Eerdinand  an  attempt  was  made  to  change 


Discovery  name  to  Eernandina,  and  subsequently  it  was 


called,  successively,  Santiago,  from  the  patron 
saint  of  Spain  (St.  James),  and  Ave  Maria,  in 


honor  of  the  Virgin.  However,  during  all  these  changes  the 
name  by  which  it  was  known  to  the  natives  continued  to  be  used  ; 
and,  surviving  all  the  rest,  became  and  is  now  the  recognized 
name  of  the  country. 

The  archipelago  of  which  Cuba  is  the  largest  island  was 
called  by  Columbus  West  Indies,  as  he  hoped  that  through 
these  islands  he  had  discovered  a  new  route  to  India.  It  is 
sometimes  called  the  Antilles,  as  some  thought  that  in  this  dis¬ 
covery  Columbus  had  reached  Antilla,  a  fabled  country  said  to 
be  far  west  of  the  Azores. 

Cuba  lies  within  the  tropics,  and  the  climate  of  the  lowlands 
along  the  coast  is  that  of  the  Torrid  Zone ;  but  wdth  the  higher 
altitude  of  the  interior  is  found  a  climate  more  temperate  and 


healthful.  The  temperature  throughout  the  year 
is  comparatively  even,  ranging  from  eighty-two 


Climate. 


degrees  during  the  hottest  months — July  and  August — to  sev¬ 
enty-two  degrees  during  the  coldest  season,  December  and  Jan¬ 
uary.  The  average  temperature  for  the  year  is  seventy-seven 
degrees. 

Erom  June  to  October  is  the  rainy  season,  and  from  Novem¬ 
ber  to  May  the  dry  season,  although  rain  falls  every  month  in 


Produc¬ 

tions. 


the  year.  The  soil  is  extremely  fertile,  the  lead¬ 
ing  productions  l)eing  coffee,  sugar,  rice,  cot¬ 
ton,  and  tobacco.  Tropical  fruits  and  vegetables 


grow  luxuriantly. 


2 


THE  PEOPLE. 


Aborig¬ 

ines. 


Columbus  found  on  the  island  of  Cuba  a  race  of  Indians 
gentle  and  kind,  numbering,  as  estimated,  about  one  million. 
About  twenty  years  later  Velasquez,  with  a  force  of  three  hun¬ 
dred  Spaniards,  sul)jugated  these  aborigines  and 
reduced  them  to  a  pitiless  slavery.  So  cruel  was 
this  bondage,  that  in  less  than  a  century  after 
the  discovery  of  Cuba  the  aboriginal  race  had  practically  ceased 
to  exist. 

Foreseeing  the  extinction  of  the  native  Indians,  as  early 
as  1524,  negroes,  imported  for  the  purpose,  were  enslaved  by 
the  Spaniards  in  Cuba.  Chinese  were  first  brought  to  the  island 
by  the  Royal  Society  of  Public  Works  in  1847, 
and  given  out  for  the  proportionate  cost  of  trans¬ 
portation.  Afterward  the  business  of  their  trans¬ 
portation  was  undertaken  by  individuals  and 
companies,  and  became  a  species  of  slave  trade,  the  coolies,  as 
they  were  called,  being  jM'actically  held  for  life  to  pay  the  cost 
of  their  transfer.  Slavery  was  abolished  in  1886;  hut  there 
remain  in  Cuba  about  500,000  people  of  African  descent  and 
30,000  Chinese. 

The  total  population  of  the  island  is,  in  a  round  number, 
1,600,000.  This  includes  nearly  1,000,000  white 
Cubans  (Creoles),  235,000  black  Cubans,  270,000 
colored  Cubans  (mulattoes),  about  15,000  Chi¬ 
nese,  about  130,000  Spaniards,  and  about  13,000  other  for- 


Negroes 

and 

Chinese. 


Total 

Population. 


eigners. 


The  white  Cubans,  although  of  Spanish  descent,  have  lony 
regarded  themselves  as  native  Cubans,  and  the  tyranny  of  Spain 
in  excluding  them  from  official  positions,  and  sub¬ 
jecting  them  to  extortionate  taxation,  bore  fruit 
in  an  intense  hatred  to  Spain  and  everything 
Spanish.  The  white  Cubans  are  the  owners  of  the  soil. 

The  black  Cubans  and  mulattoes  are  the  la¬ 
borers.  Since  the  day  of  their  introduction  the  ne¬ 
groes  have  done  the  hard  work  on  the  sugar  and 
other  plantations. 

Spaniards  in  Cuba,  now  that  the  government 
officials  and  army  officers  are  gone,  are  usually 
merchants,  and  other  foreigners  are  engaged  in 
various  lines  of  trade  and  business  venture  that 
promise  a  fair  return  in  money. 


White 

Cubans. 


Black 

Cubans  and 
Mulattoes. 


Spaniards 

and 

Foreigners. 


3 


MORALS,  MANNERS,  AND  EDUCATION. 


General  W ood  is  quoted  as  saying  that  the  greatest  obstacle 
in  the  administration  of  government  in  Cuba  is  the  lack  of 
moral  integrity.  What  the  people  lack  most,  as  their  own  best 
leaders  admit,  is  that  foundation  of  moral  character  which  will 
lead  them  to  be  truthful  and  honest  and  to  live  in  the  fear  of 
God. 

‘‘The  people,”  says  Dr.  Moseley,  “have  many  good  traits  of 
character,  and  are  capable  of  great  development.  They  are  ex¬ 
ceedingly  kind-hearted,  and  are  noted  for  their  family  attach¬ 
ment,  hospitality,  and  politeness  of  address.  As  a  class,  high 
and  low,  they  are  a  simple-hearted  people.  The  men  of  the 
better  classes  are  well  educated  and  well  bred,  and  even  the 
peasantry  have  a  courtesy  of  manner  which  might  put  to  shame 
tlie  rudeness  of  some  of  our  young  people. 

“Owing  possibly  to  the  influence  of  the  climate,  as  well  as 
to  the  peculiarities  of  their  government,  the  men  as  a  whole  are 
listless  and  indifferent,  and  seem  lacking  in  that  energy  found 
in  inhabitants  of  colder  climates.  With  the  Cuban  it  is  always 
manana  (to-morow),  and  oftentimes  manana  never  comes. 

“Cuban  women,  while  largely  illiterate,  are  often  very  fasci¬ 
nating.  As  a  rule,  they  are  elegant  in  their  manner,  have  beau- 
'tiful  hair  and  eyes,  and  fine  teeth;  and  while  coquettish  as 
maidens,  they  are  devoted  as  wives  and  mothers.  Family  ties 
are  stronger  with  them  than  with  us,  and  no  sacrifice  is  too 
great  for  them  to  help  along  one  of  their  own  blood.” 

While  there  have  been  schools  and  colleges,  these  have  been 
inaccessible  to  the  masses.  Many  children  of  the  upper  classes 
have  been  educated  in  Europe  and  America ;  but  under  the 
regime  of  Spain,  it  is  estimated  than  not  more  than  one-tenth 
of  the  children  of  Cuba  received  any  education.  The  United 
States  inaugurated  a  plan  of  education  in  accordance  with 
American  sentiment  and  custom,  equipping  hundreds  of  schools 
with  modern  benches,  desks,  and  text-books,  but  the  number 
of  teachers  really  qualified  to  instruct  is  lamentably  deficient. 

‘  Two  facts,”  says  one  who  has  studied  the  situation  care¬ 
fully,  “sum  up  the  educational  problem  in  Cuba.  The  one  is 
the  wide  spread  desire  for  education,  and  the  other  the  incom¬ 
petency  of  native  teachers  as  a  class.  Together  with  this  is 
a  marked  jealousy  of  American  teachers.”  This  writer  urges 
the  need  of  normal  schools  in  charge  of  American  instructors, 
for  the  training  of  native  teachers. 


4 


MORALS,  MANNERS,  AND  EDUCATION. 


General  Wood  is  quoted  as  saying  that  the  greatest  obstacle 
in  the  administration  of  government  in  Cuba  is  the  lack  of 
moral  integrity.  What  the  people  lack  most,  as  their  own  best 
leaders  admit,  is  that  foundation  of  moral  character  which  will 
lead  them  to  be  truthful  and  honest  and  to  live  in  the  fear  of 
God. 

“The  people,”  says  Dr.  Moseley,  “have  many  good  traits  of 
character,  and  are  capable  of  great  development.  They  are  ex¬ 
ceedingly  kind-hearted,  and  are  noted  for  their  family  attach¬ 
ment,  hospitality,  and  politeness  of  address.  As  a  class,  high 
and  low,  they  are  a  simple-hearted  people.  The  men  of  the 
better  classes  are  well  educated  and  well  bred,  and  even  the 
peasantry  have  a  courtesy  of  manner  which  might  put  to  shame 
tlie  rudeness  of  some  of  our  young  people. 

“Owing  possibly  to  tbe  influence  of  tbe  climate,  as  well  as 
to  the  peculiarities  of  their  government,  the  men  as  a  whole  are 
listless  and  indifferent,  and  seem  lacking  in  that  energy  found 
in  inhabitants  of  colder  climates.  With  the  Cuban  it  is  always 
manana  (to-morow),  and  oftentimes  manana  never  comes. 

“Cuban  women,  while  largely  illiterate,  are  often  very  fasci¬ 
nating.  As  a  rule,  they  are  elegant  in  their  manner,  have  beau¬ 
tiful  hair  and  eyes,  and  fine  teeth ;  and  while  coquettish  as 
maidens,  they  are  devoted  as  wives  and  mothers.  Family  ties 
are  stronger  with  them  than  with  us,  and  no  sacrifice  is  too 
great  for  them  to  help  along  one  of  their  own  blood.” 

While  there  have  been  schools  and  colleges,  these  have  been 
inaccessible  to  the  masses.  Many  children  of  the  upper  classes 
have  been  educated  in  Europe  and  America ;  but  under  the 
regime  of  Spain,  it  is  estimated  than  not  more  than  one-tenth 
of  the  children  of  Cuba  received  any  education.  The  United 
States  inaugurated  a  plan  of  education  in  accordance  with 
American  sentiment  and  custom,  equipping  hundreds  of  schools 
with  modern  benches,  desks,  and  text-books,  but  the  number 
of  teachers  really  ciualified  to  instruct  is  lamentably  deficient. 

“Two  facts,”  says  one  wbo  has  studied  the  situation  care¬ 
fully,  “sum  up  the  educational  problem  in  Cuba.  The  one  is 
the  wide  spread  desire  for  education,  and  the  other  the  incom¬ 
petency  of  native  teachers  as  a  class.  Together  with  this  is 
a  marked  jealousy  of  American  teachers.”  This  writer  urges 
the  need  of  normal  schools  in  charge  of  American  instructors, 
for  the  training  of  native  teachers. 


4 


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https://archive.org/details/cubadiscovereddeOOburd 


RELIGION. 


The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Cuba,  like  onr  own  Indians, 
recognized  the  existence  of  a  Great  and  Good  Spirit,  and  be¬ 
lieved  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul.  Their  religion  was  with¬ 
out  rites  and  ceremonies.  With  Spain  came  Rome. 

Spirit  Such  were  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  such  the 
teachings  and  practices  of  the  representative  lead- 
Romanism.  Roman  Catholic  Church,  that  under 

their  combined  influences,  from  childhood  the 
people  were  trained  in  deception,  dishonesty,  and  immorality. 

The  priests  have  been,  and  still  are,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
Spaniards,  corrupt  and  greedy,  indifferent  to  the  welfare  of  the 
people,  and  oppressive  in  their  charges  for  religious  services, 
such  as  baptisms  (so  called),  marriages,  and  burials. 

As  a  result  of  this  immorality  and  oppression,  there  has  been 
for  years  a  widespread  and  growing  dissatisfaction  with  the 
priests  and  the  Church  of  whose  doctrines  they  claim  to  be 
exponents,  and  whose  affairs  they  direct ;  and  among  the  men 
large  numbers  have  utterly  repudiated  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion,  while  many  who  have  not  boldness  to  take  this  step 
are  Catholic  only  in  name.  While  the  repudiation  of  Romanism 
must  not  be  mistaken  as  the  acceptance  of  Christianity,  there 
is  encouragement  in  the  fact  that  among  these  apostates  to  Rome 
are  many  who  turn  a  ft  iendly  ear  to  the  preacher  of  truth. 

GOSPEL  WORK. 

The  name  of  Alberto  J.  Diaz  will  ever  stand  first  in  the  list 
of  those  whom  God  has  chosen  to  bear  tbe  name  of  Christ 
before  the  powers  that  be  and  tbe  Rome-blinded  people  of  Cuba. 
It  is  not  necessary  here  to  repeat  the  well-known  story  of  his 
plunge  into  the  sea  to  escape  capture  by  the  Spaniards,  of  his 
rescue  from  the  deep,  of  his  experience  as  a  refugee  in  New 
York,  his  conversion  and  baptism,  and  return  to  Cuba  that  he 
might  tell  those  of  his  own  household  and  his  countrymen  of 
the  way  of  salvation  through  faith  in  Jesus  Christ.  Nor  is  it 
necessary  to  rehearse  the  story  of  his  early  trials  and  triumphs, 
of  the  disappointment  when  father,  mother,  brothers,  and  sis¬ 
ters  refused  to  hear  him,  and  his  joy  when  others  listened  and 
some  were  converted.  We  may  refer,  merely  in  a  word,  to 
the  wrath  of  the  priests,  and  how  they  cut  off  his  means  of 
support  by  warning  the  people  that  if  they  employed  him  as 
a  physician  they  would  bring  upon  their  souls  the  anathemas  of 
the  Church. 


5 


With  great  sorrow  of  heart  we  see  him  again  leaving  Cuba 
for  New  York,  hoping  that  there,  where  he  had  found  Christ, 
he  might  find  some  means  l)y  which  he  could  return,  and 
preach  Him  in  Cuba.  And  just  here  note  how  God  has  honored 
women  in  the  evangelization  of  Cuba.  It  was  a  woman  who 
directed  the  attention  of  Diaz  to  the  Scriptures,  able  to  make 
him  wise  unto  salvation,  and  now  it  was  the  "Ladies’  Bible  So¬ 
ciety”  of  Philadelphia  who  sent  him  back  to  Cuba  as  a  col- 
porter.  Back  he  went,  and  God  so  prospered  his  work  that 
1886  records  the  organization  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of 
Cuba.  The  work  was,  during  this  same  year,  taken  under  the 
fostering  care  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  and  be¬ 
lievers  were  multiplied  and  added  to  the  Church.  At  the  time 
of  the  breaking  out  of  the  recent  war  with  Spain,  the  Baptist 
Mission  in  Cuba  included  seven  churches,  located  in  six  cities 
and  towns.  Twenty-one  missionaries  were  laboring  at  twen¬ 
ty-seven  stations.  The  churches  enrolled  about  eighteen  hun¬ 
dred  members,  and  the  Sunday  Schools  thousands  of  pupils. 
Several  day  schools  were  maintained,  with  an  enrollment  of 
750  students. 

But  "scattered  and  peeled”  was  the  flock  during  the  horrors 
of  war — their  pastor,  first  imprisoned,  then  exiled,  all  their 
able-bodied  men  in  the  field  fighting  for  libertv,  civil  and  re¬ 
ligious,  while  large  numbers  of  men,  women  and  children  per¬ 
ished  from  privation,  exposure,  starvation,  disease,  and  the 
sword. 

No  sooner  did  the  way  open  for  his  return  than  Diaz  was 
again  in  Havana,  gathering  what  remained  of  the  scattered 
churches,  and  preaching  the  Word  with  such  effect  that  within 
a  few  weeks  after  his  arrival  nearly  one  hundred  converts  were 
received  into  the  fellowship  of  the  churches. 

Rev.  J.  O.  O’Halloran  was  sent  to  Santiago  as  soon  as  the 
American  flag  waved  over  that  city  over  which  Roman  Cathol¬ 
icism  had  brooded  for  centuries ;  where  no  Protestantism  had 
ever  existed,  and  no  effort  had  ever  before  been  made  to  preach 
the  Gospel,  crowds  of  men,  women,  and  children  listened  ea¬ 
gerly  to  the  strange  story  of  a  Saviour’s  love,  and  scores  ac¬ 
cepted  the  offered  salvation.  In  a  little  more  than  two  months 
two  Baptist  churches  were  organized,  and  nearly  two  hundred 
converts  added  to  their  membership  upon  confession  of  their 
faith  and  after  baptism. 


6 


DIVISION  OF  TERRITORY. 


By  mutual  and  cordial  ag'reement  between  the  American 
Baptist  Home  Mission  Society  and  the  Home  Mission  Board  of 
the  Southern  Baptist  Convention,  at  a  conference  held  Novem¬ 
ber  23,  1898,  the  former  is  to  establish  missions  and  prose¬ 
cute  its  work  in  the  two  eastern  provinces  of  Cuba,  and  the 
latter  in  the  remaining’  provinces  forming  the  western  portion 
of  the  island.  In  consequence  of  this  agreement  Rev.  O’Hal- 
loran  was  transferred  to  the  province  of  Santa  Clara,  and  Rev. 
H.  R.  Moseley  sent  liy  the  .Vinerican  Baptist  Home  Mission 
Society  to  Santiago,  in  January,  1899. 

The  northern  Baptists  have  established  work  at  several 
centers,  from  which  the  workers  go  to  a  large  number  of  out- 
stations,  29  being  reported  in  the  report  for  1908.  Rev.  H. 
R.  Moseley  is  employed  by  the  American  Baptist  Home  Mis¬ 
sion  Society  as  superintendent  of  the  work,  and  is  assisted  by 
a  number  of  able  American  associates  and  native  helpers. 
The  Woman’s  American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society  supports 
six  young  women  for  the  prosecution  of  their  specific  lines  of 
work  (for  interesting  details  send  for  Sketch  of  Work  in  the 
West  Indies,  10c,  or  La  Senorita  de  Cuba,  loc),  and  four  teachers 
in  Ciego  de  Avila  Cristo,  Santiago  and  Guantanamo. 

A  WORD  ABOUT  WOMEN. 

It  bas  been  said,  "The  Women  of  Cuba  are  Roman  Catb- 
olics  from  babit.”  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  habit  is  firmly  fixed  in 
a  multitude  of  cases.  And  remember  it  is  the  Catholic  mother 
who,  in  her  blindness,  teaches  her  children  to  reverence  the 
priest,  and  to  worship  the  creature  rather  than  the  Creator, 
saints  and  the  \drgin  rather  than  the  Son  of  God. 

When,  however,  the  eyes  of  these  women  are  opened  to 
the  truth,  they  become  a  power  in  the  church  of  Christ.  While 
Diaz  was  an  exile  from  Cuba,  and  tbe  men  were  afield  fight¬ 
ing  for  deliverance  from  Spanish  oppression,  the  interests  of 
the  churches  in  Havana  were  cared  for,  mainly,  by  women,  who 
saw  that  the  prayer-meetings  were  sustained  and  the  Sunday 
School  kept  up. 

AND  CHILDREN. 

‘‘Early  in  his  work,  Diaz  became  convinced,”  writes  Dr.  Bar¬ 
ron.  ‘‘that  we  mu.'t  seek  to  save  not  onlv  the  grown  people 
but  the  children  of  Cuba,  and  that  special  efforts  should  be 
made  to  save  the  girls.”  ‘‘The  women  of  Cuba,”  he  says, 
“must  be  saved  from  Romanism,  and  the  proper  course  is  to 
begin  with  the  girls.” 


7 


It  is  not  surprising  that  Diaz  should  feel  an  interest  in  the 
children  of  Cuba.  The  first  fruit  of  his  labor  there  was  the 
confession  of  a  child.  On  his  return  to  Cuba,  after  his  con¬ 
version  in  New  York,  he  was  full  of  enthusiasm,  and  began 
to  talk  to  his  own  family  and  friends  about  Jesus.  His  mother, 
at  that  time  a  bigoted  Catholic,  became  angry,  denounced  him 
as  a  heretic,  and  said,  ‘T  want  to  hear  no  more  about  this  new 
religion.”  Diaz  was  deeply  pained  and  disappointed.  Not  one 
of  his  family  would  listen  to  him,  and  for  six  weeks  his  mother 
would  not  even  wish  him  good  morning.  A  little  four-year-old 
sister,  however,  listened  eagerly  to  his  words,  and  when  the 
older  members  of  the  family  spurned  him,  she  crept  to  his  side, 
and  looking  up  into  his  face  said,  ‘T  like  that  man  you  talk 
about  so  much;  I  will  give  Jesus  my  heart.” 

But  the  time  came  when  Diaz  led  his  mother  into  the  bap¬ 
tismal  waters  ;  and  in  his  joy,  forgetting  the  customary  formula, 
looked  upward  and  said,  with  touching  tenderness,  “Lord  Jesus, 
this  is  my  mother.” 

And  what  a  helper  in  the  Gospel  has  this  noble  mother 
proved ! 

Christian  women  and  girls,  there  can  be  no  sweeter  service, 
and  no  richer  reward,  than  in  gathering  in  for  Jesus  Cuba’s 
children,  and  in  winning  for  Christ  Cuba’s  mothers. 

By  a  cordial  agreement  between  the  Women’s  Baptist  Home 
Mission  Society  and  the  American  Baptist  Home  Mission  So¬ 
ciety,  women  missionaries  sent  to  assist  the  missionaries  of  the 
General  Society  and  bearing  its  commission,  will  be  supported 
by  the  Women’s  Society,  so  that  the  money  needed  for  their 
transportation  and  salary  must  be  raised  by  our  constituency 
and  paid  from  our  treasury.  If  you  want  the  Society  repre¬ 
sented  in  the  evangelization  of  Cuba,  remember  that  this  in¬ 
volves  an  increase  in  contributions  as  well  as  willing-hearted 
and  well-qualified  women  who  offer  themselves  for  this  service. 
Who  will  go?  And  who  will  give  that  these  may  go? 

DELIVERANCE. 

Cuba  has  been  freed  from  the  civil  domination  of  Spain  and 
from  the  ecclesiastical  domination  of  Rome,  hut  she  will  he 
truly  free  onlv  when  delivered  from  the  thraldom  of  sin,  and 
this  can  be  effected  onlv  through  the  gospel  of  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ.  If  the  Son  shall  make  her  people  free,  they  shall  be  free 
indeed. 


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